Content of Acids And Bases!!

  By doing a lab on testing different substances with vinegar, I learned about the different ph levels of different substances. When you add water to acids, it produces positive hydrogen ions. It removes negative oxygen hydrogens from water. Acid is an acid because it is an electron pair donor, which is a chemical that increases the concentration of hydronium ions in solution. Acids are chemicals that turn a litmus paper red color. Litmus is a coloured chemical that can change from red to blue and back again. Acids can react with metals and other materials. The excess hydronium ions in acids give them interesting properties. Liquid antacids usually work faster than tablets or chewables. They work by how a strong acid which is called HCl, is produced in your stomach to help digest food.   
 
  Bases are bases because they have hydrogen plus ions. They are defined as a proton acceptor, which is a chemical that reduces the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution, and increases the concentration of hydroxide ions. Bases are also very reactive, just like acids are.  The strong base NaOH is used in many household cleaning agents, such as oven cleaner.

   We measure the ph level of acids and bases by how the ph scale corresponds to the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution. For example, in pure water the concentration of hydronium ions is 1 x 10^-7 M, so the ph of a solution of pure water is 7. Acids, and bases in chemistry are an important part of everyday life. We use acids and bases all of the time, such as taking medicine or cleaning up stains with a product cleaner. So by doing a lab on acids and bases, and researching the content that makes up acids and bases, I have a good understanding of how they all function.

       

A picture of Different Acids

The Ph Level of Different Substances

New Technique to Visualize The Structure of Molecules

    I'am writing a article summary to meet standard two. The article, ' Dead Simple' way to see atomic structure is about how researchers have developed a way to pin down moving molecules under room-temperature. They were studying graphene on an atomically flat surface of mica and found some structures trapped between the graphene. Graphene is composed of one-atom layer of carbon atoms in a honeycomb-like lattice. The researchers decided to conduct experiments to test this new idea. They put graphene sheets at different humidity levels. It turned out that the graphene sheet hugged the water molecules tightly, and revealed their atomic structure when examined with atomic force microscopy. This technique is dead simple. The graphene holds the absorbed water molecules in place. By using this technique, there has been new evidence of how water coats surfaces. The first layer of water on mica is two water molecules thick, and it has the structure of ice. Researchers are working on improving the resolution of this technique, and help other types of molecules get there 3-D structure.

    This technique is really neat, because it determines the atomic structure of molecules. It has an impact on society, because it gives detail about the structure of molecules. If molecules will be able to get there 3-D structure it will have a bigger affect on society. Researchers always like to improve on the study that they work on. People are usually fascinated when new techniques are developed and how it improves the natural world. This article gave a lot of information, and it really explained this new technique that researchers have found dealing with water.

Extravagant Water Properties and Its Structure

    

This is a picture of water adhesion. 











    In biology, we have been studying about the different types of water properties. I have learned about the chemical structure of water and the different types of water properties. Water has a bent shape and the water molecules are polar which means that the molecules interact strongly with each other. The polarity of water is that the electrons are closer to oxygen rather then to hydrogen in a polar bond between hydrogen and oxygen. Water is polar which means it has a condition in which it has an uneven distribution of electron density. Any polar substance that can dissolve in water is hydrophilic. There are four properties of water and they are cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and specific heat. Adhesion is an attractive force between molecules in one phase and different molecules in another phase. Trees transport water from its roots to its leaves because there are different molecules in the roots of the tree then the leaves so they have an attractive force between them. The water is held together against the force of gravity. 


   A substance that doesn't dissolve in water is hydrophobic like oil for example. Cohesion is the attractive force between similar molecules in the same phase. It can be thought of as the sum of hydrogen bonds. Water is also more dense than ice because water has more space between the water molecules. A liquid that dissolves another substance without changing its chemical composition is known as a solvent. Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a 1-gram sample of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. Copper takes less heat to raise its temperature to boil water than it does stainless steel.

Water has a high heating rate because it forms a network of hydrogen bonds. Surface tension is the energy needed to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount. For an example soap bubbles can remain stable in water and  its surface tension is reduced by a factor of three or more. Each molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Each hydrogen atom is connected to a oxygen atom with a covalent bond. I now have a good understanding about the properties of water, and its structure.    

 Water can absorb large amounts of heat energy before it begins to get hot. I understand the different types of different types of water properties, and how they each function. There are many different water properties that makes it unique in its league. Water is the major constituent of all life forms. More than 60% of plants and animals is made up of water. I don't really understand of how to classify the type of water property, it's hard to remember the difference between cohesion and adhesion. Water is really important in life, and we build off of it all of the time. 

This is a picture of water molecules. 

Cherlyn's Clinical-Trial Blog

Over these past few days in Biology we have been researching about clinical trials, and i researched a clinical trial about Pancreatic cancer. I learned that this study was a double-blind placebo. Double- blind means that when a clinical trial is conducted, the patients and the doctors don't know whether or not they are giving the patient the correct sugar pill. So, they have no clue if the pill will help out the patients with the disease they have or make it worse. Then when the results are in they evaluate the drugs to check if they actually work. In the study that I researched it was about whether or not the drug gemcitabine is more effective by itself or mixed with the drug oxaliplatin in treating this type of cancer. The experimental design was how the patients receive 1 of 3 treatment arms. Then, they compare the survival rates of the parents. There are many different kinds of different placebo double-blind trials, and each one explains how they keep evaluating the drugs to check if it cures the disease over a period of years. I now have a good idea of what double-blind means by researching clinical-trials. The clinical trial that I learned about was really interesting, and the study has been evaluated over the past three years.