Different Parts of a Cell on Prezi

Blog Revision of Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Quiz

The concentrations of the glucose inside and outside of the dialysis bag after 1 hour would be that the glucose would leave the bag due to the process of diffusion. Its the movement of solutes from areas of the high concentration to the low concentration. So, the concentrations of glucose inside and outside of the bag  will eventually become equal. The side of the diagram that would tend to move inside the bag would be the water because the concentration is greater because of the presence of glucose and starch. The starch stays inside of the bag because its a bigger molecule. Osmosis will then happen as the water moves into the bag until the concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane. This describes the lab that we did because the evidence that we collected in our group showed that the bag was clear because the water diffused into the bag. Also, the starch stayed in the bag because there was purple stuff at the bottom. The glucose test strips showed evidence supporting why the glucose left the bag.

The Devastating Disease called Cystic Fibrosis (CF)



This is a picture represting organs that are affected by cystic fibrosis.







Cystic fibrosis is a life time threatening genetic disease that causes mucus to build up in your lungs, and clog organs in your body. By having mucus clog your lungs it causes you to have problems breathing well. Bacteria then occurs and it leads to horrible infections. People inherit this disease from their parents through genes. Genes are found in the nucleus of all the body's cells, and it controls cell function by serving the role for the production of proteins.

 In order to have cystic fibrosis, the person must inherit two copies of the defective CF gene, which is one copy from each parent. There are 30,000 people in the United States who have this disease. One in every 31 Americans are carriers of the defective CF gene, but they actually don't have the disease. Some of the symptoms of cystic fibrosis is if you have salt-tasting skin, if you have a lot of lung infections, the consistency of coughing a lot, and shortness of breath. The majority of people are diagnosed at birth through a process called newborn screening. If the doctor sees symptoms of cystic fibrosis then they will order a sweat test to confirm the diagnosis. A sweat test is a very common method that is used in which a small electrode is placed usually on your arm to stimulate the sweat glands. If the level of chloride is high then that means the person has cystic fibrosis.

The healthy CF gene makes a protein which is Cystic Fibrosis conductance Transmembrane Regulator which controls the movement of electrically charged particles in and out of the cells. People who have cystic fibrosis, this protein is defective and the salt balanced is disturbed. Since there is a small amount of salt and water on the outside of the cells, the layer of mucus becomes very thick. There is no cure for cystic fibrosis, but medical care, and drug treatments can lenghten the lives of people with this severe disease. Most of the people living with CF take multi-vitamins, and take pancreatic enzyme supplement capsules with every meal. There is not a life expectancy, because different factors affect a person's health. Mucus-Thinners and Anti- inflammatories are some medicines that treat lung infections. 

Lining cells have channels on their outside surface. There are two channels and one of the channels allow sodium ions to flow into the cell and the other channel controls the path of chloride ions out of the cell into the mucus on to the airway surface. Water is drawn out through the gaps between the cells, which keeps the mucus moist. The vital chloride channel is blocked in people with cystic fibrosis . There is no movement that occurs of chloride ions into the mucus. The chloride channel is made up of a protein called CF transmembrane regulator. Its main function is to maintain the flow of chloride ions from the cell. Nothin is confusing to me about the role of CF. I have a good concept of what cystic fibrosis is, and how the channels function by having this disease.

Cell Membrane Structure!!!

This is a picture of a cell membrane. 
  

In class, we have been studying about the structure of the cell membrane. The cell membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Lipids are hydrophobic, in which the molecules consists of long 18-22 carbon. The backbones consists of a small amount of oxygen containing groups. Fats, steroids, and phospholipids are very important to the functioning of membranes in cells. Fats are categorized into two different classes of molecules, which are saturated and unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids don't have carbon-carbon double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids have one to four double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms.

Phospholipids contain two fatty acid tails, which are hydrophobic that is attached to a glycerol head. Phospholipids are hydrophobic and hydrophilic because the tails repel water and the heads attract water. They serve as a very important function in the cells of all organisms. They form the phospholipids membranes which surrounds the cell and intracellular structures. Steroids are types of lipids that are based on a molecule with four carbon rings. It includes a lot of hormones of animals and cholesterol. In order for the cell to grow, the cell membrane must be a dynamic structure and respond to environmental changes. The correct ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids keeps the membrane fluid at any temperature. 


Proteins are a different group of molecules that are composed of amino acids. They are classified into two categories, integral proteins and peripheral proteins. Integral proteins are transmembrane proteins, with hydrophobic regions that cover the surface of the membrane. They transmit signals in and out of the cell. Peripheral proteins stick to only one side of the membrane, which are usually attached to integral proteins. Proteins are much larger than lipids, and they move more slowly. Carbohydrate groups are attached to lipids, glycolipids, or proteins, or glycoproteins. These short oligosaccharides are chains f sugar molecules.The lipid bilayer is the main fabric of the membrane, and its structure creates a semi-permeable membrane. The functions in the membrane are determined by proteins. I have a good understanding of how the cell membrane functions, but I'am still confused on what certain things plays a certain role in the cell membrane. 

The Structure of Proteins!!!

This is a picture of collagen, a protein in our bodies.


    In Class, we have been studying about proteins. We did a fun experiment where we built protein molecules using fruit loops. The secondary structure of proteins is both helical and sheetlike. A quaternary structure the interaction of four separate polypeptide chains in a hemoglobin molecule. Collagen provides structure to our bodies, and it protects and supports the softer tissues. collagen in the bones of people with Osteogenesis Imperfecta does not function properly, and the bones break. It is a basic protein in our body. A peptide bond exists between two amino acids in a protein. The sequence of amino acids is the primary structure of proteins. The building blocks for amino acids are proteins. Proteins function as a lot of different things, such as enzymes, and hormones. Glucose is the basic unit of starch. Long chains of carbon found in triglycerides and phospholipids is fatty acids.The breakdown of large molecules of water is called hydrolysis. Proteins serve an important role in our bodies. I have a good understanding of proteins, and how they function in our body.  

macromolecules map

Different Types Of Macromolecules In Your Body

This is a picture of monosaccharides.



This is a picture of Sucrose which is a disaccharid, and Glucose and Frutose which is a monosaccharide.





 In Biology, we have been studying and learning about biochemistry. I have learned alot of things about macromolecules, like how they are big molecules that are the building blocks of most cells. The four main types of macromolecules are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Monomers are composed of sugars, amino acid, fatty acid, and nucleotides. These individual components are linked together, and they are built up of one building block. Monomers are joined together by a process called dehydration synthesis. A chain that is formed when monomers are linked together is a polymer. A polymerase enzyme joins monomers together. Polymers are broken down by a process called hyrolysis, in which a water molecule comes in and breaks a covalent bond between two polymers and the hydroxide ion from the ion and the oxygen bond to either monomer.

  In order to build a polysaccharide I arranged the sugar monomers by putting four of them in a row in the build a carbohydrate activity. Building blocks of molecules that are not used to build carbohydrates is the nucleotide, fatty acid and amino acid. Sugar is stored as glycogen in the human body for energy. Starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose. Plants are essential to animal life because animals take advantage of the ability of plants to manufacture sugar and other nutrients. Starch is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds. Starch is digested by animals by beginning in the mouth with salivary amylase that continues in the small intestine with pancreatic amylase. Saturated fat is a fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty radicals. It is the main dietary cause of high blood cholesterol.

The lab that we did consisted of testing different types of sugars, and classifying them as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The monosaccharides stays clear when using Iodine solution. Glucose would be an example of a monosaccharide. Mono means one, di means two, and poly means many. We tested different sugars using Benedict's and iodine solutions. To identify a sugar is a disaccharide, by using Benedict's Solution it turns out to be a blue color. Sucrose would be a disaccharide. A polysaccharide has no change in color when using Benedict's solution. When a sugar has a color change in Benedict's solution it is a monosaccharide and it turns a bright orange. Starch is a polysaccharide, and Fructose is a monosaccharide. To identify that a sugar is a monosaccharide, by using iodine solution it turns out to be a clear color. Three elements that are in all carbohydrates are oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon. By doing this lab and studying about the types of different macromolecules, I have a good understanding of how they function and work.